The origin and evolution of various civilizations anchors our understanding of who we are, wherewe have come from, and where we are headed as a society. This is premised on the right placingof defining events along time, the chronology. Such a timeline is based upon the available body ofknowledge, across natural, social and applied sciences, and the constructs developed thereupon.Prevailing chronologies of different civilizations in the world were determined by Europeans inthe nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. There has since been much development in theavailability of data for exploring, in particular, the prehistoric times, enabling the much-neededuse of multidisciplinary research methods. And one of the most extraordinary findings is that theIndian civilization spans an astonishing ten millennia!This meticulously researched book recounts the extraordinary rediscovery of the Indian timeline andthe spectacular findings that come together as the exploration unfolds. India’s civilization is mappedthrough the ‘Four Periods’ construct, from the end of last ice age around 9000 BCE to 1192 CE.It is a monumental breakthrough in the understanding of world civilization at large—opening thegates for further enquiry and wider updation and corrections.